Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Сложные формы инфинитива (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

2. Причастия (Participle 1, II). Независимый (самостоятельный) причастный оборот.

3. Условные предложения. Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1. Millions of  people are recorded to have taken part in elections.

 Зарегистрировано, что миллионы людей приняли участие в выборах.

2. We want the new car to be produced by February.

 Мы хотим, чтобы новый автомобиль был выпущен к февралю.

3. The device to be bought must be checked beforehand.

 Прибор, который нужно купить, следует предварительно проверить.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2

1.Countries wishing to cooperate with us will always find the necessary understanding.

Страны, желающие сотрудничать с нами, всегда найдут должное понимание.

2. Having visited St. Petersburg the participants of the conference went to Moscow.

  Посетив Санкт-Петербург, участники конференции поехали в Москву.

3. New technological processes having been developed, new types of equipment have been installed in the shop.

 Когда были разработаны новые технологические процессы, в цехе было установлено новое оборудование.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 3

1. If the installation is put into operation in time, the economic effect will be greater.

Если установка будет пущена вовремя, экономический эффект возрастет.

2. If the system had been perfected, we should have applied it for new calculations.

Если бы система была усовершенствована, мы бы применили ее для новых расчетов.

3. It would be impossible to build spaceships without using new materials and alloys.

Было бы невозможно построить космические корабли без применения новых материалов и сплавов.

ВАРИАНТ 1

L Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. We know Japan  to be the second industrial country after the USA.

2. For a long time, special paper impregnated with paraffin was considered to be the main non-conductor used for manufacturing small capacitors (конденсатор).

3. The metal to be poured into a mold for casting may contract or expand on solidifying.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следуюпще предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Having done a number of calculations, our astronomers have shown that the basic mass of the galaxies is concentrated outside their visible part.

2. A simple laboratory experiment demonstrating this principle is shown in Fig. 29.

3. Ordinary light entering a crystal of tourmaline, the phenomenon of “selective absorption” takes place.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If the computer's electronic memory had recorded all the operator's commands, the picture of deviations from the required parameters would have been produced.

2. If biological experiments are continued, the problem of developing the technology for growing plants in space conditions will be solved.

3. It would be impossible to protect metal from corrosion without the films.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите Весь текст, а письменно -- 1, 2,3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. many times — во много раз

2. combat against — бороться против

3. home-made inhibitors – отечественные ингибиторы

CORROSION

1. During a year almost 200 million tons of metal objects are considered to be destroyed by corrosion. Considering that about 600 million tons of metal a year are produced in the world, it is easy to understand the losses of objects without which our life could not be imagined.

2. The situation is very serious, because not only metal is destroyed but also a great amount of articles, instruments, and tools whose cost exceeds many times the cost of the metal used for their manufacture.

3. Cormbatting against the corrosion of metals has now become a key problem in all industrialized countries. The scientific and technical achievements in the field of raising the corrosion resistance of construction materials are the basis of technical progress in different branches of industry, an indicator of the country's economic potential.

4. A large amount of "anti-corrosion" work is being carried out in our country. The results are evident: Home-made inhibitors, varnishes, paint covers are being well known throughout the world. Gas pipelines, metal structures, the bodies of atomic reactors and ships, etc. have been reliably protected against corrosion.

5.Some of our firms also export special equipment and some kinds of technology designed to weaken corrosion. Anti-corrosion varnishes, paints, insulating materials and equipment are purchased abroad.

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. A number of our scientists believe the Tunguska explosion to have been caused by a meteorite.

2. Samples of semiconductors with improved properties are reported to be obtained on a new installation.

3. Scientific discoveries to be practically applied in industry and agriculture are paid special attention to.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2) .

1. This atomic power plant  starting to produce electricity in 1958 began industrial using of atomic energy.

2. Light and food industries have been modernized, much being done to expand the production of consumer goods.

3. An experiment demonstrating the existence of an ultraviolet and infrared spectrum must be performed.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If liquids expand upon freezing, an increase of pressure lowers the freezing point.

2. If the metal had been heated slowly, the first changes in its appearance would have occurred at a temperature of lOOO°K.

3. It would be impossible to determine the properties of these materials without intensive studies in our research laboratory.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст, а  письменно --  1, 2,3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту 

1. Paton Institute of Electric Welding — Институт электросварки им. Патона (в Киеве)

2. But they do -А они все-таки имеют(ся)

3. divers - ныряльщики

CREATIVE FIRE

1. All the industries today are in need of new methods of joining metals together. And not only metals with metals but also joining metals with glass, plastics and many other materials. The work done by the Paton Institute of Electric Welding in Kiev (Ukraine) is considered to be the solution of these problems. For example, how to weld a 1,000 km-long pipeline? The Institute has developed a machine for welding pipelines. The welding section in each pipe exceeds 100,000 sq. mm. It would take 6-8 hours to perform this work by hand. The machine does it in two minutes.

2. The machine was tested in production conditions, the results being excellent.

3. It would seem strange to compare the steel constructions that produce oil in the Caspian Sea with a space station orbiting the Earth. What do they have in common? But they do - it is the need for making repairs, and repairs mean cutting metal and doing welding work.

4. The rapid development of the oil and other mineral resources of the ocean made the problem of underwater welding especially up-to-date. The equipment developed by Kiev's scientists is very effective. New semi-automatic machines for underwater welding increased divers' productivity by 25-30 times.

5. And what about welding in outer space? The scientists understood that welding had to be done in conditions of weightlessness, in nearly complete vacuum and within a broad range of temperatures   from 150°C below to 130°C above zero. The equipment, of course, must be reliable and safe. And the Institute developed such equipment.

ВАРИАНТ 3

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты  соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. The Sun and stars are proved to be able to produce great quantities of energy by means of certain nuclear reactions.

2. For the experiment we need several electrical devices to be connected in series.

3. Lasers are known to have found application in medicine.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2)

1. Measurements of solar radiation reaching the Earth each day make it possible to calculate the surface temperature of the Sun.

2. Having built a new automobile plant, we increased the output of cars and buses.

3. Knowledge being the most valuable wealth of our times, the information theory became of great importance for the national economy.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 3)

1. If the gathered data had been presented in time, the results of the experiments would have been different.

2. If you had answered six questions in the competition, you would have won the first prize.

3. It would be impossible to carry on a careful study of the process without the new device.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст, а письменно --  1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1.structure shaped like — структура, имеющая форму

2.    seabed — морское дно

3.    per side - по сторонам.

4.    to bear a resemblance to — походить (быть похожим) на

PYRAMIDS ON MARS?

1. An examination of some of the photos of Mars sent back to Earth by the space researchers Mariner-9 and Viking-1 provokes a question: was Mars once an inhabited planet? A group of Soviet scientists from a number of organizations examined the photos and gave their conclusions.

2. There were discovered formations which have been interpreted as "a field of quadrangular pyramids". Manner-9 discovered formations which are geometrically correct structures. Vikings-I photographed something resembling the ruins of Egyptian pyramids. Nine kilometres east of the "city of pyramids" the photograph shows a stone structure shaped like a human head, and a strange dark circle.

3. The analyses and physical modelling of the Martian formations were performed. The Martian surface was compared with that of the Moon, and the shapes of the formations were compared with those of Egyptian and Mexican pyramids.

The small Martian "pyramids" were found to resemble the recently discovered giant pyramids, lying on the seabed of the Bermuda Island and the pyramids, 250 m high, found in the Brazilian jungle.

4. But they are nothing in comparison to the large Martian "pyramids" measuring up to 1.5 kilometres per side at the base and up to one kilometre in height.

The image of the "Martian sphinx", 1.5 km long and 0.5 km wide, lies strictly along the meridian of the planet.

5. In the opinion of experts, the photographed formations are indeed pyramid-shaped, and the "oval shaped formation" bears a formal resemblance to a head. But all these strange figures are of natural origin.

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. The crew is reported to have carried out a great deal of scientific experiments.

2. We know the wave theory of light to be first proposed by the English physicist Robert Hooke in 1665.

3. Nearly all refrigerators to be used at home are based upon the principle that the rapid evaporation of a liquid or the expansion of a gas produce cooling.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. A curve showing the behaviour of metal is given in Fig. 21.

2. About 100 years ago, a French scientist Pierre Curie subjecting certain crystalline materials to pressure, observed that they produced an electric charge.

3. The computer's electronic memory recording all the operator's commands, the picture of deviations was produced.

III. Перепишите и письменно проведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If one looks at his own face in a mirror, the image observed is technically described as perverted.

2. If the service life of the instrument had been prolonged, the economic effect would have been increased many times.

3. It would be impossible to ensure the full supply of energy without atomic power stations.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст, а письменно --  1, 2,3и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. to play a part - играть роль

2. to their credit — на своем счету

3. means — средство

4. in the order of - порядка (г. e. около ...)

5. closest - ближайший

TODAY'S  ELECTRONICS

1. Nowadays,  much attention is given to electronics, which is playing a major part in economic: development. Our scientists and engineers have many achievements to their credit in this field. One outstanding example is space.

2. Electronics, however, has not only helped us to reach cosmic expanses but has given us an insight into the world of the most minute organisms — viruses. For instance, a modem electronic microscope shows the processes taking place in ultra-microscopic formations of a living cell. Now it is possible to distinguish details being a millionth of a millimetre away from each other.

3. Electronics is in many ways helping us to solve the problem of the peaceful uses of atomic energy, and to study atomic nuclei and elementary particles. We know electronics to have found broad application in industry as a means of automation, control and inspection, and as a direct means of fulfilling such operations as melting, cutting of superhard materials, welding, etc:

4. The electron beam acting like a micro-miniature instrument can cut, bore, mill or plane any material, including tungsten and diamond, with an accuracy to within microns. Quantum generators can focus light in extremely narrow beams, their angular width being in the order of a thousandth of a degree. These instruments are called lasers and they can be used for cutting, drilling, welding and other treatment of materials.

5. The lasers are also used in studying the properties of various substances, in radio-engineering, medicine, biology, etc. Scientists believe that such a beam of light will make it possible to establish contact with the stellar systems closest to our planet.

ВАРИАНТ 5

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. Now we know neutrino to have a rest mass (масса покоя) of about 30 electron-volts.

2. The properties of the new material are known to be determined next month.

3. Conduction is known to be a process by which heat is transmitted through a substance by molecular activity.

4. All the changes of temperature and changes of state to be discussed are shown by a graph in Fig. 2.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Working with machines, sharp tools and motors one must always be careful.

2. The stream of electrons moving along the conductor is called electric current.

3. Powerful nuclear ice-breakers having been built in our country, we began a new chapter in the history of Arctic exploration.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 3) .

1. If you had translated the article, you could have used valuable data in your work.

2. If the quality of the equipment were higher, the results of the experiment would be more accurate.

3. It would be impossible to explain chemical phenomena without using the laws of physics.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст, а письменно --  2, 4 и 5-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. vacuum tube - электронная лампа

2. operating current - рабочий ток

3.transistorized circuitry — цепь, собранная на             транзисторах                                                                                          

4. tunnel diode — туннельный диод

5. ring radio set - радиоприемник, встроенный в кольцо

ELECTRONICS

1. Electronics usually deals with the application of electricity in communications, in radio, television and other devices where vacuum tubes and transistors are employed. We know the vacuum tube and the transistor to be major components of various electronic devices.

2. The many disadvantages of vacuum tubes include high cost, bulky construction, high amount of operating current, limited life and high operating temperature. However the vacuum tube is ideal in many situations where electrical energy is readily available and where heat is no problem.

3. A more recent invention - the transistor - is known to have replaced the vacuum tube in many situations. The transistor operates on a minimum amount of electrical energy, emits very little heat and has a long life. Tne transistor is tiny compared to the size of the vacuum tube of equivalent energy output. This feature has permitted an electronic circuit to be so small that the electronic technician uses magnifying lenses to aid him in his circuit construction and repair.

4. Later research has revealed a device which has revolutionized the field of transistorized circuitry. A Japanese investigator, Lew Esaki, discovered a simple semiconductor class of crystal that is even more amazing than the transistor. The tunnel diode as it is called, operates on a negligible amount of electric current, its diameter being some few thousandths of an inch. With such a transistor man will be able to see telephones to be worn on wrists, pocket-size TV sets and ring radio sets.

5. Several recent developments in the field of electronics have led to better ways to communicate efficiently over long distances. The maser and the laser permit man to beam extremely coherent and concentrated energy with almost no loss of intensity. Lasers and masers are known to have been used for transmitting power, radio waves and other waves used in communication.