Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one, it.

2. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) видо-временных форм Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.

3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.

4. Простые неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив в функции а) подлежащего, б) составной части сказуемого, в) определения,

г) обстоятельства цели.

 5. Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложениях.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 

Present Perfect Passive

The main question has already been       Главный вопрос уже обсудили.

discussed.

Present Indefinite Passive

His scientific work is much spoken        О его научной работе много

about.                                                             говорят.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2

1. It is necessary to use the latest means        Необходимо использовать в

of control in industry.                                         промышленности новейшие средства контроля.

2. One should agree that that expert-        Следует согласиться, что тот

rnent was of great importance for our        эксперимент имел большое

research.                                   значение для нашего      исследования.

 3. It is hydrogen that will be the main        Именно водород будет основным source of energy in the car   источником энергии в 

of the future.                                                                автомобиле  будущего.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 3

1. What is the name of the book you        Как называется книга, которую

are reading?                                                 ты читаешь?

2. The region we must explore pos-        Район, который мы должны иссле-sesses great natural wealth.   довать, обладает огромными природными ресурсами.

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. When much material had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was published.

2. Electric cars will be widely used in future.

3. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies (корпус автомобиля) .

4. This lecturer is listened to with great interest.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is proved that light needs time to travel any distance.

2. One must take part in scientific work.

3. Specialists consider that in future city transport will reject gasoline.

  III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. You have to come to the language laboratory of the Institute to work at your pronunciation.

2. This material does not possess elastic properties.

3. Scientists had to create new materials for industry.

4. The exam was to start in the morning.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. We know electricity produces heat.

2. The new materials the Soviet chemists developed were used in space technology.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. It is necessary for a modern specialist to know a foreign language.

2. The Soviet scientists were the first to construct and launch the space rocket.

3. Our idea was to design a new device for automatic control.

4. To increase the productivity of labour one must use the methods we have just described.

VI. Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст, а письменно – 1-й и 2-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. leap — прыжок

2. cushion — подушка

3. collaboration - сотрудничество

4. recoup — компенсировать

5. magnetic suspension train — поезд на магнитной подвеске

THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY TRANSPORT

1. It has been a long time since train velocities first surpassed the 100 km per hour limit and they are now approaching 200 km per hour and even higher velocities in some countries. Is it possible to increase the speed with the help of the traditional wheel at the present stage in the development of transport facilities? Scientists and engineers in various countries have come to the conclusion that a new leap in velocity is possible only if the wheel is replaced with an air or magnetic cushion.

2. After Japan, Germany and France our country took to the business of  developing high-speed ground transport. A number of  research centres are carrying out an extensive programme on high-speed ground transport. The advantages of high-speed ground transport to be used in future are obvious. At present air and road transport burns three-fourth of all produced fuels, and the combustion process, naturally, affects the earth's ecology.

3. The future trains must be ecologically clean and noiseless. It has been estimated that the cost of high-speed ground-transport will be recouped three times faster than with the railways.

4. The high-speed ground-transport will connect cities and industrial centres to airports. The first magnetic suspension train  is already in operation and is fast advancing.

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. When much had been done in the study ofecology by our university it became аn important scientific centre.

2. A curriculum of the new type of secondary school is offered by the Ministry of Education.

3. The research of planets will be developed with the help of cosmic apparatus.

4. This material is unaffected by solar radiation.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is necessary to find new sources of cheap energy.

3.    It was Einstein who came to the conclusion that the electromagnetic field is influenced by the gravitational field.

3. This metro station was opened last year, and that one will be put into operation in two years.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. Man had to learn to obtain electric power directly from the Sun.

2. At present most of the industrial enterprises have their own electric power stations.

3. Specialists do not use solar cells in industry as they are too expensive.

4. The engineers are to study the problem of using cosmic rays.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. The methods we have just described are very effective.

2. The instruments our plant produces help to automate production processes.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. The teacher told her students to learn the poem by heart.

2. The Soviet Union was the first country to send man into space.

3. To translate a sentence is to discover its meaning.

4. A lot of people all over the world are uniting to fight  wars.

VI. Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст, а письменно - 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. magneto-heat engine —магнитно-тепловой двигатель

2. inexhaustible - неисчерпаемый, неистощимый

SUN-DRIVЕN ENGINE

1. It is of common knowledge that certain metals and their alloys are attracted by a magnet. After heating, this property vanishes; it is restored after cooling down. A new magneto-heat engine works on this principle. This invention relates to devices which transform thermal power, for instance, the power of the sun rays, into a mechanical power of rotation.

2. We know solar power is inexhaustible and its use does not harm the environment. That's why such importance is attached to the devices which make it possible to apply the idea of direct use of solar power, transforming it into mechanical forms of power. The development of an engine directly driven by a heat source such as solar power, makes it possible to simplify and make power generation considerably cheaper, in comparison to the existing thermal engines we use today.

3. The rotor of the new engine is made of an alloy that loses its magnetic properties already at 100°C. If the rotor is heated on one side, the cold side of the rotor will turn toward the magnet. Since heating continues, the rotor goes on rotating, too. Thus solar power can be used as a source of heat in this case. The magneto-heat engine can drive pumps in waterless districts, can also be widely used for watering greenery in cities and settlements.

4. By using thermomagnetic alloys it is possible to develop a lot of automatic devices, for example, solar clocks, thermometers, etc. Mention should be made that these devices can withstand extreme temperatures. To organize the production of the necessary alloys is simple as there is no need for rare materials or complex technology.

ВАРИАНТ 3

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

I. The radar hаs been used for the automatic control of ground-transport.

2. Today plastics are being widely used instead of metals.

3. The construction of the dam has been completed this month.

4. The alloys were experimented upon in our lab.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is the number of electrons within the atom that determines the properties of a substance.

2. The territory of Moscow is larger than that of London.

3. In London one must get used to the left-side traffic.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. Some substances do not conduct heat.

2. Our plant is to increase the output of consumer goods.

3. Soon our industry will have new and cheap sources of energy.

4. These computers will have to perform millions of operations per second.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. The hostel our students live in is situated not far from the metro station.

2. I think he has made a mistake in his calculations.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива в предложении.

1. They promised to supply us with the necessary equipment.

2. The purpose of this book is to describe certain properties of metals.

3. The experiment to be carried out is of great importance for our research.

4. To convert chemical energy into electrical energy we must use an electrical cell.

VI. Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст, а письменно -- 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. project - зд. новостройка

2. manpower - людские ресурсы

3. coincide to the utmost — зд. предельно совпадать

4. harsh conditions — суровые условия

5. call for — требовать

6. transfer to — перемещать

7. revitalise -- оживить

ECONOMICAL PROGRESS 

1. Approximately half the Russia’s territory is economically well developed. The nearest task is to develop the other half in a planned manner, that is, the tundra in Siberia, the Far East. Much has already been done in these lands. But no matter what projects  are to be built manpower is always the No. 1 problem.

2. Manpower has to be invited from the more developed areas. Can one induce the population from the industrialized zone move to the areas needing development? Apart from investments, our society is vitally interested in making migration, which is necessary for developing new territories.

3. Our economy needs methods capable of attracting investments in order to revitalise entire branches of our economy. Large sums are to be spent on attracting a worker to move and to settle at a new place of work where new production processes can be started. The securing of investments and manpower resources for the new development  are the main tasks of today.

4. The need to launch projects in harsh conditions calls for special attention not only to the professional aspect, but also to the physical and moral qualities of the workers. This makes it necessary to place new criteria on the selection of people who want to come to new construction sites. They should be judged by their physical and intellectual abilities, the ability to perform definite functions, capability to adapt to the new conditions of life and work, their psychological features, etc.

5. These demands are fulfilled best of all when the workers are transferred to the projects in an organized way within production collectives, formed earlier and having work experience. ВАМ proved that such an approach is effective. The stability of such collectives has a favourable influence not only on the activities of the enterprises themselves, but on the entire system of regional manpower resources.

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The automatic equipment is being installed in our shop.

2. Radioactive isotopes have been made in nuclear reactor.

3. The construction of this house will be completed in a month.

4. The engineer was asked about the new technology used at the plant.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. The successes in chemistry made it possible to obtain a lot of new materials.

2. One must apply the material that can be machined easily.

3. It is the energy of falling water that is used to drive turbines.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, помня о разных значениях глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. The operators dealing with radioisotopes must have protective suits.

2. The engineers are to study the problem of using solar energy.

3. The chemical industry is one of the leading branches of our national economy.

4. Our fabrics have acquired good reputation abroad.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. I think the drawing will be ready  tomorrow.

2. Every substance a man comes in contact with consists of molecules.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива в предложении.

1. То design new buildings is the work of an architect.

2. To measure volumes we must know the dimensions of a body.

3. Our plant was the first to install the automatic equipment.

4. Architects have built houses to be heated by solar radiation.

VI. Перепишите и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст, а письменно --  1-й и 2-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. mechanical engineering — машиностроение

2. power engineering — энергетика

3. Unified Power Grid of the USSR - Единая энергосистема СССР

SOVIET UNION  AND  RUSSIA

1. Heavy industry formed the basis of the USSR's industrial complex. Its development was characterised by a high technological level of production, by the emergence of new branches, including mechanical engineering for nuclear power production.

2. Soviet power engineering comprised high-capacity electric power stations forming part of the Unified Power Grid of the USSR. New electric power stations such as the Bratsk Station and the Sayan-Shushenskoye Station were built in the country. Siberia's power system was  included in the USSR Power Grid which was able to serve a large part of the territory of the Soviet Union.

3. Today oil, gas and coal are largely being exported to foreign countries in order to earn cash for the state budget which is in desperate need of money to be able to pay wages and salaries to the state employees and pensions to the retired people.

4. In  the Soviet Union the light industry was developing at a fast rate. Some Soviet fabrics, TV sets, watches and clocks and many other household goods enjoyed  good reputation abroad, others were of poor quality. Today the light industry enterprises are idle and a lot of its workers are unemployed.

5. There was a highly advanced space technology and industry in the Soviet Union, and now Russia is barely capable to maintain its space laboratory “Mir” working.

ВАРИАНТ 5

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Many 16-storey houses with all modern conveniences are being built in this part of Moscow.

2. The sputniks are used for the research of magnetic fields and cosmic rays.

3. The properties of materials are affected by solar radiation.

4. Scientific and engineering progress opens up wide prospects before man.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is necessary to obtain accurate data on the possibility of living and working in space.

2. The peoples should know that only their joint efforts can secure peace in the whole world.

3. We had to find new methods of investigation because the old ones were unsatisfactory.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. A programme for the construction of new types of spaceships is to be carried out this year.

2. Soviet people did not pay for medical treatment.

3.    We had to change the design of this machine.

4.     The speed of electrons is almost the same as that of light.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. We know radio and radar systems play a very important role at any airport.

2. The information science gets about other galaxies comes through radiotelescopes.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива в предложении.

1. The Soviet science was the first to make great contribution to the development of space technology.

4. In order to make interplanetary flights in the future it is necessary to know factors affecting the human organism.

5. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.

VI. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст, а  письменно --  2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. fundamental particle - элементарная частица

2. emergence – появление

SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS

1.  Science has been concentrated lately on the most promising fundamental trends and fields, on increasing the practical effectiveness of research. The physics of fundamental particles, the physics of the atomic nucleus, and solid state physics occupy an important place in modern science.

2. There have been built powerful atomic electric stations and new types of reactors which open up fine prospects in atomic power industry.  Extensive work is now being carried out on designing nuclear engines to be used for transport. Much attention is being given to the application of isotopes, radiation and other results of nuclear research in medicine, industry and agriculture.

3. Scientists have developed large-scale commercial manufacture of artificial diamonds with properties which surpass those of natural diamonds. The finest crystallo-graphic equipment has been developed making it possible to study the atomic structure of materials.

4. The emergence of quantum electronics is one of the brightest events in the history of physics. Our scientists have suggested and developed the ideas of basically new sources of electro-magnetic emission-quantum generators. At present, they are used in industry for cutting and welding metals, for high precision treatment of various materials including diamonds and ceramics.

5. The necessity to conduct extremely fast technical calculations, primarily in atomic technique, in aviation, rocketry and cosmonautics has led to the development of fast-acting electronic computers. Computers and other technical means of control are widely used in such fields as economics, planning and management of production. One should remember that the wide use of computers signifies a further advance in industry.

6. In recent years we have seen new vast progress in space research. At present new international projects for studying the outer space and the other planets of the solar system are being developed.