ВАРИАНТ 1

I Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

1. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements of the occupants while the exterior must be simple without any excesses.

2. I wish the house would be protected with several coats of paint.

3. It is necessary that the equipment should be repaired as soon as possible.

II Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Having been repaired the device began working much better.

2. Design considerations will include strength, stiffness and stability of the structure when subjected to loads which may be static or dynamic.

3. Residential as well as all other types of construction generating a lot of waste, careful planning is needed in this area.

4. This type of concrete is known to have reinforcement in the form of wires.

5. The new channel to be constructed here will be the longest in the country.

III Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных курсивом слов.

1. Walls made up of blocks both support the building and divide space in the building.

2. Reinforced concrete comes cheap and will support structures for a long amount of time, but it is considered to be less strong and durable than brick buildings.

3. Since people needed a shelter from rain and frosts, they began building their first houses.

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 8-й абзацы текста.

Перепишите и письменно переведите 4, 5,6 и 7-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1) austere – простой

2) to define – определять

3) frame – рама, каркас, корпус

4) framework – каркас

5) showcase – показывать, демонстрировать

6) milestone – зд. этап

7) cruciform – крестообразный

8) onyx – оникс

9) travertine – травертин, известковый туф

10) structural order – структурная упорядоченность

LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE

1. German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969) was a pioneer of 20th-century architecture. His architecture synthesised function, space, materials and structure and was characterised by the use of modern materials to define austere but elegant spaces. He developed the use of exposed steel frames and used glass to enclose and define space, striving for an architecture with a minimal framework of structural order.

2. Mies van der Rohe was interested in architecture of structural integrity and material honesty. His famous aphorism ‘less is more’ is connected with the concept of architectural necessity; anything superfluous couldn’t be justified. This concept developed into a rational approach that was reflected in the organisation, planning and detailing of his buildings.

3. The success of this reductive form of architecture was dependent on the material details: their aesthetics, properties and how they fitted together.

4. In 1929 Mies van der Rohe designed the Barcelona Pavilion. It was designed to showcase German innovation and was the country’s entry for the 1929 International Exposition (which was held in Barcelona, hence the building’s name).

5. The building represents an important milestone in the history of modern architecture as such materials as glass, marble and travertine are used in it to great effect. The pavilion stands on a large podium and the structure consists of eight steel posts that are cruciform in section. The steel posts support a flat roof (which is a plane of reinforced concrete), and the wall planes are either curtain glass or partition forms.

6. Central to the pavilion is an internal core slab of polished onyx, the dimensions of which affect the proportion and size of the building. The floor material is made from Roman travertine, and this is also used for the enclosing wall of the building’s pool and office. The pavilion’s sculpture pool is surrounded by green marble, and different coloured glass is used for the building’s various screens.

7. The Barcelona Pavilion is an experiment in material application, structure and finish. In the Barcelona Pavilion, the floor planes and roof plane were horizontal surfaces and the walls were vertical slabs of glass or marble.

8. Mies van der Rohe used a limited palette of materials in his pavilion scheme, but each was carefully placed and considered to create an architecture that was both minimal and distinctive. The pavilion was dismantled after the exhibition, but a replica was reconstructed in Barcelona in 1983.

V Прочтите 2-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What does the aphorism ‘less is more’ mean?

ВАРИАНТ 2

I Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

1. He would have done that great discovery if he had had better conditions for work.

2. All the joints should be properly filled with mortar, so that no cavity is left in between.

3. It would be impossible to simplify the production of aluminium without using the electrothermal method.

II Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. When faced with unexpected events or delays, construction managers should be decisive and work well under pressure.

2. The new methods having been introduced, the labour productivity went up.

3. One can apply all these new building methods while constructing high-rise residential houses.

4. Reinforced concrete is said to crack in tension rather than in compression.

5. The problem to be discussed is connected with the city water supply system.

III Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных курсивом слов.

1. The floors may be either of timber or, in brick buildings, of reinforced concrete details of big and small sizes.

2. We have a problem with the air temperature in this room. It is too cold. This is because of inadequate thermal insulation.

3. As the temperature of the air increases care should be taken that the concrete does not get overdried.

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста.

Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 4 и 5-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1) structural engineering – проектирование зданий

2) doubly-curved – с двумя криволинейными контурами

3) hyperboloid of revolution (rotation) – гиперболоид вращения

4) lattice structure – решетчатая конструкция

5) shell – оболочка, каркас, обшивка

6) single-cavity - однополый

7) free-standing structure – отдельностоящее строение

VLADIMIR G. SHUKHOV

1. Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (1853 – 1939) was a great Russian engineer, scientist and architect. He was renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for structural engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design. He brought a lot of innovations to the oil industry and the construction of numerous bridges and buildings. He was the inventor of doubly-curved structural forms. These forms based on non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry are known today as hyperboloids of revolution. Shukhov developed not only many varieties of light-weight hyperboloid towers and roof systems, but also the mathematics for their analysis.

2. V.G. Shukhov is referred to as the Russian Edison. He was one of the first to develop practical calculations of stresses and deformations of beams, shells and membranes on elastic foundation. These theoretical results allowed him to design the first Russian oil tanker, new types of oil tanker barges, and oil reservoirs.

3. As a leading specialist of metallic structures, he may be compared with Gustave Eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower.

For the 1896 All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhniy Novgorod V.G. Shukhov built the steel lattice 37-meter tower which became the first hyperboloid structure in the world. The astonishing hyperboloid steel grid shell caused delight of the European specialists. The hyperboloid structures appeared abroad only 10 years after Shukhov’s invention.

4. The Shukhov radio tower, also known as the Shabolovka tower, is a broadcasting tower in Moscow designed by V. Shukhov. The 160-metre-high-free-standing steel structure was built in the period of 1919 – 1922. It is a hyperboloid structure. Due to its lattice structure the steel shell of the Shukhov tower experiences minimum wind load. The tower sections are single-cavity hyperboloids of rotation made of straight beams, the ends of which rest against circular foundations. The tower is located a few kilometers south of the Moscow Kremlin.

5. Shukhov is also reputed for his original designs of more than 180 bridges across the Volga, Yenisey, Dnieper, and other rivers.

V Прочтите 2-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What did Vladimir G. Shukhov develop?

ВАРИАНТ 3

I Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

1. If they used the right water-cement ratio, they would produce concrete of high strength and durability.

2. If the management of the plant had applied effective methods last year, the production level would have certainly increased.

3. In the future new alloys and synthetic materials should replace the metals we use today.

II Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. An external force being applied, deformation takes place.

2. The new method having been studied in detail, the plant management decided to introduce it at the plant.

3. When working with these building materials, one can invent new ways of using them.

4. The final strength of the cement paste is likely to be reached in three weeks.

5. The road surface to be repaired was destroyed many years ago by heavy vehicles.

III Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных курсивом слов.

1. A building must be erected as economically as possible.

2. Titanium is preferred to aluminium, for it does not lose properties at high temperature.

3. Bricks were very popular as a building material from 1700 to 1900s. This was probably due to the fact that it was much more flame retardant than wood in the ever crowding cities and cheap to produce.

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 6-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2, 5 и 6-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1)   construction engineer – инженер-строитель

2) supporting structure – несущая конструкция

3) free-standing structure – отдельностоящее строение

4) monolithic hooped reinforced concrete foundation - монолитный кольцевой железобетонный фундамент

5) structural designer – проектировщик

NIKOLAI V. NIKITIN

1. Nikolai Vasilyevich Nikitin was a construction engineer and structural designer of the Soviet Union, best known for his monumental structures. Nikitin was born in Tobolsk, Siberia in 1907 in the family of a typographical engineer. In 1930, Nikitin graduated from the Tomsk Technological Institute with training in construction.

2. In 1932, he designed the train station of Novosibirsk. By 1937, he was living and working in Moscow. He turned his attention to calculations and design of foundations and supporting structures.

3. In 1957 he was appointed chief designer of Mosproekt Institute for the Planning of Housing and Civil Engineering Construction in the City of Moscow. Nikitin died on 3 March 1973.

4. His selected works are Moscow State University’s 240 m high main building (at the time of its construction it was the tallest building in Europe, built from 1949 to 1953); Luzhniki Stadium; colossal 85-metre statue on the Mamayev Kurgan heights overlooking Volgograd, “The Motherland Calls” and many others.

5. Among Nikitin’s works – the Ostankino Tower – has got the most fame. Standing 540 meters tall, it is a television and radio tower in Moscow. It is named after the Ostankino district of Moscow in which it is located. Its construction began in 1963 and was completed in 1967. The tower was the first free-standing structure to exceed 500 m in height. It surpassed the Empire State Building to become the tallest free-standing structure in the world. The Ostankino Tower has remained the tallest free-standing structure in Europe for 42 years.

6. The 32-thousand-ton tower rests upon a monolithic hooped reinforced concrete foundation 9.5 m wide, 3 m high and 74 m in diameter. The depth of the foundation is 4.65 m. The 8^th International Soil Mechanics and Foundations Congress recognized Nikitin’s idea of building the foundation at that depth to be a brilliant one. Extremely complicated technical problems were solved while putting up this unique structure.

V Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What are Nikitin’s selected works?

ВАРИАНТ 4

I Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

1. We were warned that all the units and necessary materials would be delivered to the building site only in June.

2. But for timber piles, the Romans wouldn’t have built roads.

3. The roof should tie the walls and give strength to the construction.

II Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. When designing a building for a group of people, an architect considers the maximum, minimum and average dimensions of their bodies.

2. Metals behave in different ways when heated.

3. Wood was perhaps the first material to be used by man for building purposes.

4. The crane not having been tested, the builders did not put it into operation.

5. Upon solving a series of problems the engineer reconstructed an ancient cathedral.

III Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных курсивом слов.

1. This document forms an agreement between the client and the design team as to the expected building size and performance.

2. Since timber contains a large amount of sap it can’t be used for structural purposes immediately it has been felled.

3. In planar construction buildings sheet materials are used to form walls which act as both space dividers and structural support.

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста.

Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1) to enlarge – увеличивать, расширять

2) masonary – каменная кладка

3) terracotta flooring – терракотовое покрытие пола

4) metal-frame skyscraper – небоскреб с металлическим каркасом

WILLIAM LE BARON JENNEY,

THE FATHER OF THE AMERICAN SCYSCRAPER

1. William Le Baron Jenney (1832 – 1907) was an American civil engineer and architect who became known as the Father of the American skyscraper. Jenney was born in Fairhaven, Massachusetts on September 25, 1832. Jenney first began his formal education at the Lawrence Scientific school at Harvard in 1853, but transferred to Paris to get an education in engineering and architecture. He graduated in 1856, one year after his classmate, Gustave Eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower. In 1861, he returned to the US to join the Union Army as an engineer in the Civil War. After the war, in 1867, Jenney moved to Chicago, Illions and began his own architectural office, which specialized in commercial buildings and urban planning.

2. In 1998, Jenney was ranked number 89 in the book “1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium”. Jenney is best known for designing the ten-storey Home Insurance Building in Chicago. The building was the first fully metal-frame skyscraper, and is considered the first skyscraper. It was built from 1884 to 1885, enlarged 1891, and demolished 1931. In his designs, he used metal columns and beams, instead of stone and brick to support the building’s upper levels. The steel needed to support the Home Insurance Building weighed only one-third as much as a ten-storey building made of heavy masonary. Using this method, the weight of the building was reduced, thus allowing the possibility to construct even taller structures.

3. Later, he solved the problem of fireproof construction for all buildings by using masonary, iron, and terracotta flooring and partitions. He displayed his system in the Leiter Building, also built in Chicago between the years 1889 and 1891. The Leiter Building is one of the earliest commercial buildings constructed with a metal skeleton remaining in the United States. It is regarded as Jenney’s best aesthetic design.

V Прочтите 1-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What did Jenney’s architectural office specialize in?

ВАРИАНТ 5

I Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

1. The article said that large buildings as factories, waterhouses, schools and hospitals had to be built of materials that would bear heavy loads.

2. The engineer should know both the advantages and the disadvantages of the materials used.

3. If we placed this material in vacuum, its mechanical properties would be changed.

II Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Some materials undergo chemical changes when subjected to heat and pressure.

2. The main disadvantage of plastics is likely to be poor resistance to heat.

3. Architects have designed and built houses to be heated by solar radiation.

4. Being built of wood the bridge could not carry heavy loads.

5. Some parts of the building having been made of plastics, less insulation materials are needed.

III Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных курсивом слов.

1. Neither plastics nor metals have all the desirable properties that the engineer looks for.

2. Copper is in a wide use for cables because it is a good conductor of electricity.

3. It is necessary for building engineers to have understanding of different technical disciplines as projects often involve many of them at the same time.

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 8-й абзацы текста.

Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 4, 5 и 6-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1) a pioneer – новатор, зачинатель

FRANÇOIS HENNEBIQUE,

REINFORCED CONCRETE PIONEER

1. F. Hennebique (1842-1921) was born in France, in the family of a farmer. Already in his childhood he became fond of natural sciences and spent his free time on reading books on natural sciences.

2. At the age of 18 he became an apprentice of a builder and at the same time he continued his studies of theoretical technology. At the age of 25 years Hennebique specialized in restoring churches. He travelled all over the country (France) visiting cathedrals and examining their architecture and construction.

3. As years passed by, he grew interested in railway works, including bridges and viaducts.

4. In 1844 he designed a house for a client and, to prevent damage by fire, combined good-quality steel (as opposed to iron) with concrete in compression. In this way he realized a new idea to put steel rods in the bottom of the slab in order to prevent any damage by fire. That building with its fire resistance guarantee was completed in 1880 and stood until destroyed during the First World War.

5. From that time on, F. Hennebique concentrated on the development and production of reinforced concrete constructions.

6. One of his reinforced concrete buildings of that time, a single-storey structure in Paris, had a concrete and glass roof.

His first concrete bridge was designed and constructed in 1899. Soon his name was associated with bridges all over the world, and, by 1906, he had designed 700 (with an average of over 100 a year), since the construction of the first reinforced concrete bridge. And by 1920 he had completed 3600 bridges.

7. F. Hennebique travelled all over Europe setting up his agencies and firms. Contracts with his numerous clients had doubled each year and by 1917 his firms had completed 35000 contracts. He also constructed reservoirs and water works and by that time there were 7500 of them completed. As to his railway works (total 300), they include offices and hotels in Cairo. He built the enormous sports stadium in Turin covering an area of 11ha, with places for 70000 spectators.

8. In Britain the first building in reinforced concrete was a six-storey concrete framed construction. As to the 15-storey Royal Liver Building in Liverpool, it was built in 1909 and up till now is considered to be Britain’s first “skyscraper”. Built with an entirely reinforced concrete frame, the building has become a symbol of the city. F. Hennebique left behind a great number of very fine and famous buildings and structures.

V Прочтите 8-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What is the symbol of Liverpool?