ВАРИАНТ 1

I Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Wood and bricks are proved to be the most ancient building materials.

2. For the construction we need many large panels to be delivered in advance.

3. We know new types of concrete to have found wide application in building.

II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов.

1. Testing a new type of hoisting crane the engineer offered some recommendations as to its use.

2. Having built a new prefabrication plant, we increased the output of prefabricated structures and units.

3. Wood being easily subjected to fire, wooden houses were immediately replaced by the stone ones.

III Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения.

1. If the house had been built by December, you would have lived in a new flat already.

2. If you had answered all the questions at the exam, you would have got an excellent mark.

3. It would be impossible to carry out any intensive programme in construction without new building materials.

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 6-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

THE PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS

1. Materials that are used for structural purposes should meet several requirements. In most cases it is important that they should be hard, durable, fire resistant and easily fastened together.

2. The most commonly used materials are steel, concrete, stone, wood and brick. They differ in hardness, durability and fire-resistance. Wood is the most ancient structural material. It is light, cheap and easy to work. But wood has certain disadvantages: it burns and decays.

3. Stone belongs to one of the oldest building materials used by man. It is characteristic of many properties. They are mechanical strength, compactness, porosity, sound and heat insulation and fire-resistance. Bricks were known many thousands of years ago. They are the examples of artificial building materials.

4. Concrete is referred to as one of the most important building materials. Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, crushed stone and water. Steel has come into general use with the development of industry. Its manufacture requires special equipment and skilled labour.

5. Plastics combine all the fine characteristics of a building material with good insulating properties. It is no wonder that the architects and engineers have turned to them to add beauty to modern homes and offices.

6. All building materials are divided into three main groups: 1) main building materials such as rocks and artificial stones, timber and metals; 2) binding materials such as lime, gypsum and cement; 3) secondary or auxiliary materials which are used for the interior parts of the buildings. We use many building materials for bearing structures. Binding materials are used for making artificial stone and for joining different planes. For the interior finish of the building we use secondary materials.

V Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What are the main building materials?

ВАРИАНТ 2

I Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. The team is reported to have made a great deal of work.

2. We know reinforced earth to be first investigated by the French engineer Vidal.

3. All building materials to be used for structural purposes are divided into three main groups.

II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов.

1. An architect designing a building should be careful in calculations.

2. Many thousands of years ago men settling in caves wanted to protect themselves from stormy weather.

3. A new type of reinforced concrete having been tested, the builders began to use it widely.

III Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения.

1. If a man builds a house of stone and wood, the construction is called non-fireproof.

2. If the house had been built in stone it would not have been destroyed by the fire.

3. It would be impossible to erect the new bridge without a new device.

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1) concrete – бетон

2) innovation – инновация, новшество

3) aggregate – заполнитель

4) limestone – известняк

5) blast furnace cement – доменный шлачный цемент

CONCRETE

1. It is difficult to imagine modern structure without concrete. Concrete is the very building material which led to great structural innovations. The most important quality of concrete is its property to be formed into the large and strong monolithic units. The basic materials for making concrete are cement, aggregate and water.

2. Cement is the most essential material and the most important one for making concrete of high quality. Cement is made of limestone and clay. It is burnt (calcined) at high temperature and ground up into powder.

3. Depending on the kind and composition of the raw materials different types of cement are obtained. Portland cement, blast furnace cement are suitable for putting up marine structures.

4. Concrete is made by mixing cement, water, sand and gravel in the right amount. As soon as it is thoroughly mixed it is poured into forms that hold it in place until it hardens. The crystals forming in the process of making concrete stick together in a very hard artificial stone. Cement starts hardening one hour after the water has been added and the process of hardening lasts for about twenty-eight days. The process is called concrete curing. The characteristics of concrete depend upon the quality of the materials used, grading of the aggregates, proportioning and amount of water.

5. The most important requirements for concrete are: it should be hard, strong, durable, fire-resistant and economical. Concrete can be divided into two classes: mass or plain concrete and reinforced concrete (ferro-concrete) where it is necessary to introduce steel.

V Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What classes can concrete be divided into?

ВАРИАНТ 3

I Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. We know steel, stone, concrete, wood and brick to be the most commonly used building materials.

2. The properties of the new material are known to be determined next month.

3. All the problems to be discussed at the conference are of great importance for our company.

II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов.

1. Working with machines, sharp tools,  motors one must always be careful.

2. The new material finding its way in construction now is called chemically resistant concrete.

3. The powerful machine-building factory having been built in our country, we began to produce new types of machines and equipment.

III Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения.

1. If you had translated the article you could have used valuable data in your research .

2. If the quality of the equipment were higher the results of the experiment would be more accurate and complete.

3. It would be impossible to make cement without limestone and clay.

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 6-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1) ferrous – черный

2) non- ferrous – цветной

3) an alloy – сплав

4) cast iron – чугун

5) a curriculum – учебный план, программа (института, университета)

METALS AND CONCRETE

1. All metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals include iron, steel and its alloys. Non-ferrous metals are metals and alloys the main component of which is not iron but some other element. Metals, in general, and especially ferrous metals are of good importance in variations.

2. Metals possess the following properties:

1) All metals have specific metallic lustre.

2) They cannot be forged.

3) Metals can be pulled.

4) All metals, except mercury, are hard substances.

5) They can be melted.

6) In general, metals are good conductors of electricity.

3. These characteristics are possessed by all metals but the metals themselves differ from one another. Steel and cast iron are referred to the group of ferrous metals. Cast iron is the cheapest of the ferrous metals. It is chiefly used in building for compressed members of construction, as the supporting members.

4. When an engineer designs a steelwork he must carefully consider that the steel frame and every part of it should safely carry all the loads imposed upon it. The steel framework must be carefully hidden in walls, floors and partitions. It is steel and metal that is employed as reinforcement in modern ferroconcrete structures.

5. Aluminium. This is the oldest and best known light metal. It is used in aircraft, automobile, chemical and some other industries.

6. Copper. Copper is the best conductor of electricity. There are different alloys with copper. An alloy of copper and tin is called bronze. This metal is often used for making various ornaments.

V Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What metal is used for making various ornaments?

ВАРИАНТ 4

I Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. We know plastics to be applied to almost every branch of building.

2. Laminate is known to be impregnated with thermosetting resins.

3. Plastics to be designed for interior use may be recommended as a structural material for window and door frames.

II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов.

1. Having developed plastics our builders have got the material that can be applied both in interior and exterior use.

2. Decorative laminates demonstrating high strength find wide application.

3. The plastics product having thoroughly been tested civil engineers obtained a new challenging material.

III Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения.

1. If plastics had not been developed the builders would have been deprived of one of the most attractive finishing materials.

2. It would be impossible to create plastics without impregnating them with resins.

3. If plastics find a wide application in building a lot of structural materials will be saved.

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 7-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1) put on the market – поступать на рынок

2) laminate – слоистый материал, пластик

3) thermosetting resins – термореактивные смолы

4) a large range – широкий ряд

5) ready-to-mount – заводского изготовления

6) maintenance – уход, текущий ремонт

7) PVC – polyvinylchloride – поливинилхлорид

PLASTICS – THE NEWER APPLICATION IN BUILDING

1. Plastics can now be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint.

2. A lot of decorative plastics now available to the architect and builder have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design. These materials are known to be used not for decoration only but to withstand severe outdoor conditions for varying periods of time. If many disadvantages had not been overcome in the development of plastics they wouldn’t have been put on the market. We know laminate to have been developed which is suitable for both inside and outside use. Laminate is a strong material manufactured from many layers of paper impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and subjected to heat. This process producing laminates gave the builders rigid and strong plastics.

3. As a structural material it is recommended for exterior work on shop fronts, walls, entrances, doors, windows. Its chief advantage is that it needs no maintenance. For interior use it is recommended as a structural material for kitchens, bathrooms, staircases walls, window sills, etc.

4. “Colorplast” factory in Ravigo (Italy) manufactures three main plastics products: panels, window frames and door frames. The rigid polyvinylchloride (PVC) panels are made in a large range of sizes, suitable for every kind of use. They are very strong and easy to assemble and disassemble. For this reason they are of particular interest to architects and builders.

5. The second group of “Colorplast” products are ready-to-mount window frames made of rigid PVC. They are completely draught-proof, waterproof, fireproof and sound absorbent, easy to install, economic and do not require maintenance. Moreover they are available with different types of openings in varying sizes and are designed to meet any specific requirements.

6. Finally “Colorplast” produces internal laminated plastic doors.

7. Nowadays plastics products are very popular not only in our country but all over the world as well, offering many advantages over the materials they replace.

V Прочтите 7-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

Why are plastics products very popular nowadays?

ВАРИАНТ 5

I Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Reinforced concrete is known to be invented in France.

2. We believe this new building material to have great future in the field of housing construction.

3. Reinforced concrete is the structural material to be used for erecting multi-storey buildings and skyscrapers.

II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов.

1. Having invented reinforced concrete our designers have got one of the strongest building materials.

2. Reinforced concrete slabs having been tested, they showed great strength.

3. Reinforced concrete showing great strength finds wide usage in building construction.

III Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения.

1. If reinforced concrete had not been invented it wouldn’t have been possible to build skyscrapers.

2. Many building materials wouldn’t have been saved, if reinforced concrete hadn’t been widely used in building construction.

3. If the quantity and the distribution of reinforcement are carefully considered, high strength reinforced concrete will be produced.

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 8-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4 и 5-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1) reinforced concrete – железобетон

2) reinforcing of concrete – армирование бетона

3) age – возраст (бетона)

4) reinforcement – арматура

5) skyscraper – небоскреб

6) multi-storey building – многоэтажный дом

REINFORCED CONCRETE

1. The reinforcing of concrete is known to be first introduced in France in 1861. Twenty-five years later German and Austrian engineers developed formulas for design. Between 1880 and 1890 several reinforced concrete buildings were erected in the United States. Since 1896 the increase in the amount of construction with reinforced concrete has been remarkable. Structures with reinforced concrete have become the most important building materials invented in centuries.

2. At the present time unlimited possibilities in flexibility, slenderness and aesthetic qualities of design appear to be in the hands of the creators of reinforced buildings. The reason of progress of reinforced concrete is quite evident.

3. We know reinforced concrete to be a combination of two of the strongest structural materials, concrete and steel. The resulting material has the advantages of both.

4. Concrete has poor elastic and tensional properties but it is rigid, strong in compression, extremely durable under and above ground and in the presence or absence of air and water. It increases its strength with age, it is fire resistant and suitable for any architectural or engineering forms.

5. Steel has great tensional, compressive and elastic properties but it is not durable below ground or if exposed to moisture, it loses its strength with age or exposure to high temperature.

6. When strength is the most important consideration, great care must be taken to produce a concrete that will be homogeneous and as dense as possible. Homogeneity is not possible without thorough mixing. To obtain strength and density, the aggregate must be sand and gravel or crushed rock, clean and free from organic matter and carefully graded from the smallest to the largest particles.

7. An economic quantity of steel is the problem for the designer of a reinforced concrete building and it demands careful consideration both of the quantity and of the distribution of the reinforcement.

8. The method of the reinforcement generally used is putting in a wire mesh or system of light rods into the concrete. If reinforced concrete had not been invented it wouldn’t have been possible to build multi-storey buildings and skyscrapers.

V Прочтите 8-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What is reinforcement?