ВАРИАНТ 1

I Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

a) 1. Chemical science is successfully solving many complex problems.

2. Radio astronomy has given mankind efficient means for penetration into space.

б) 1. The reinforced concrete tower of the TV centre in Moscow was built after the design of Nicolai Nikitin.

2. Heat energy is transmitted in two different ways.

II Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing.

2. The atoms forming our planet are built of negative electrons, positive protons and ordinary neutrons.

3. This kind of treatment when used makes the metals heat-resistant.

4. When passing through an electroscope, X-rays cause its discharge.

III Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.

2. Mass can also be defined as a measure of inertia.

3. Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power.

4. Plastics should be reinforced by different kinds of fibres (to reinforce – усиливать, укреплять).

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 8-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

MIKHAIL LOMONOSOV

1. Outstanding poet, founder of Russian literature and creator of the Russian literary language – that is how the father of the Russian science, Mikhail Lomonosov, is known.

2. A brilliant student, he was included among those who were sent abroad in 1736 to study chemistry and metallurgy. While abroad, Lomonosov studied philosophy, physics, mathematics and foreign languages. On his return to St. Petersburg, he was accepted in 1741 as an associate of the Academy of Sciences in physics. Four years later he was appointed professor and elected a member of the Academy.

3. After the death of Peter I in 1725, the Academy had fallen into hands of a group of pseudo-scientists  - for the most part foreigners who were supported by the tsarist court and the Government. Lomonosov openly opposed these “academicians”. He fought for the success of his country’s science, devoting  himself heart and soul to this work. In the words of the immortal Pushkin: “Lomonosov was a great man… . He founded the first Russian University; or to express it more clearly, he himself was our first University.”

4. Lomonosov established the first chemical laboratory in Russia, and headed it in its work. He published a number of books on Russian philology, lectured on physics, widened the practical application of natural sciences. For Lomonosov science was not an end in itself but a means for developing the productive forces and raising the cultural level of the people.

5. It was Lomonosov’s dream to develop scientists from among the people, “our own Newtons and Platons”. He fought for the establishment of schools for general education. He himself wrote books in his own Russian language, as opposed to the “purists” who recognized only Latin as the language of science.

6. As mentioned above, Lomonosov laid the foundation for the scientific study of the Russian language, created Russian grammar, developed prosody, opening up horizons to Russian literature. The great Russian critic, Belinsky, wrote of Lomonosov: “Our literature begins with Lomonosov, he was its father and mentor; he was its Peter the Great.”

7. There is hardly a single field of science which does not show the influence of his brilliant mind.

8. Lomonosov may thus truly be considered the father of the Russian science and at the same time a great educator, the first man to popularize science in Russia.

V Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего ответ на поставленный вопрос:

What did Lomonosov fight for?

1. … for the publication of his book.

2. … for the establishment of his laboratory.

3. … for the establishment of school for general education.

ВАРИАНТ 2

I Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. Today scientists are still looking for the substance as a source of energy.

2. The Mendeleyev’s system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements.

б) 1. Synthetic rubber products were developed between 1914 and the 1930s.

2. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.

II Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Molecular crystals are solids constructed of molecules held together by relatively weak forces.

2. A body moving with a certain velocity carries within itself the kinetic energy of motion.

3. While absorbing the energy of cosmic rays the upper atmosphere becomes radioactive.

4. Unless properly treated the metal must not be applied for space technology.

III Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other one.

2. The computers should become an integral part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.

3. These metal parts had to be subjected to X-ray examination.

4. The chemists may use the reactor to analyze various substances for their exact composition.

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1) honorary board – доска славы, почета

2) in compiling this – собирая все материалы и факты

3) some sixty in all – всего около шестидесяти

4) verbally – устно

D.I. MENDELEYEV

1. A Russian name appeared in 1984 on the honorary board of science at Bridgeport University, USA: Mendeleyev was added to the list of the greatest geniuses – Euclid, Archimedes, Copernicus, Galilei, Newton and Lavoisier. D.I Mendeleyev, the explorer of nature, is the greatest chemist of the world. The Mendeleyev’s system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements and it has retained its key capacity until now.

2. D.I. Mendeleyev was the fourteenth, and the last child of the director of the Gymnasium in Tobolsk. At 16 he was taken by his mother to St. Petersburg to seek higher education. He entered the Pedagogical Institute where his father had also studied. In 1856 he took a degree in chemistry and in 1859 he was sent abroad for two years for further training. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1861 as Professor of Chemistry.

3. In 1868 Mendeleyev began to write a great textbook on chemistry, known in its English translation as the “Principles of Chemistry”. In compiling this, he tried to find some system of classifying the elements – some sixty in all then known – whose properties he was describing. This led him to formulate the Periodic Law, which earned him lasting international fame. He presented it verbally to the Russian Chemical Society in October 1868 and published it in February 1869.

4. In this paper he set out clearly his discovery that if the elements are arranged in order of their atomic weights, chemically related elements appear at regular intervals. The greatness of Mendeleyev’s achievement lies in the fact that he had discovered a generalization that not only unified an enormous amount of existing information but pointed the way to further progress.

V Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

What can you say about the greatness of Mendeleyev’s discovery?

1. The greatness of Mendeleyev’s achievement lies in the fact that his Periodic Table pointed the way to further progress in chemistry.

2. Mendeleyev had discovered several new elements.

3. Mendeleyev created the system of classifying chemical elements.

ВАРИАНТ 3

I Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

a) 1. The reactor is fast becoming a major source of heat and electricity.

2. Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies in the Universe.

б) 1. Elements are transformed into other elements both by man and by nature.

2. The launching of Sputnik I was followed by many achievements in science and engineering.

II Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. These reactions convert hydrogen into helium, giving off a great amount of light and heat.

2. The concrete used in construction meets many requirements.

3. Plastics articles are often difficult to repair if broken.

4. The soils containing too much sand or clay are of less value in agriculture.

III Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Laser light can be used to transmit power of various types.

2. The application of digital computers should include all forms of automatic control in science and industry.

3. These new materials had to withstand much higher temperatures than metals.

4. Ethylene gas may be obtained by cracking petroleum.

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы.

ACADEMICIAN LAVRENTIEV –

A REPRESENTATIVE OF RUSSIAN SCIENCE

1. One of the representatives of Russian mathematics school is the great Russian mathematician Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrentiev. His father was a mathematics lecturer. The young Lavrentiev grew up accustomed to hearing scientific conversation at home. This, he said, was the stimulus for his first interest in science.

2.  Later he went to Moscow University to study mathematics. There he came under the influence of a leading Russian mathematician N.N. Luzin. Lavrentiev acknowledged N.N. Luzin to have been one of the key influences in his life.  Luzin’s work formed the basis for a new and active school of mathematics to which Lavrentiev became closely involved. One of Luzin’s important qualities was his close association with young students. This impressed Lavrentiev greatly and he himself had always maintained close links with the youth. He had been teaching practically all his life.

3. During his scientific career Lavrentiev moved from pure theory to more practical applications. His study of the theory of complex variables led to one particularly unexpected result – it turned out to be applicable to the study of so-called cumulative explosions. Later he developed a theory of controlled explosions which made it possible to predict how much and where materials could be moved. One application was the damming of a river in Alma-Ata using explosives to prevent the spring floods damaging the city.

4. Academician Lavrentiev at 75 was still much involved in running his special creation – the science city, Akademgorodok. The name of Lavrentiev and Akademgorodok are in many ways synonymous. He was often referred to as “ded”, “grandfather”. It was Lavrentiev who flew around Siberia looking for the best site for the new science town in the 1950s. It was he who chose the spot, close to Novosibirsk. There were good reasons for suggesting Siberia as the location. It was clear that Siberia was potentially very rich and it needed a scientific and technological base for its development.

V Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

Why did Lavrentiev fly around Siberia in 1950s?

1. … looking for the best site for the new science town.

2. … looking for the deposits of oil and coal.

3. … looking for the spot for the construction of a plant.

ВАРИАНТ 4

I Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

a) 1. Quantum mechanics has greatly influenced the nuclear theory.

2. The problem of the structure of matter is constantly occupying the minds of many scientists.

б) 1. Today many polymeric materials are produced on a massive scale.

2. Many compounds can be decomposed when they are acted upon by different forms of energy.

II Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Natural rubber is a thermoplastic material that becomes soft when heated and hard when cooled.

2. Matter composed of any chemical combination of elements is called a compound.

3. The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an element is called an atom.

4. While bombarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface of the earth.

III Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Heat can be divided into three different types.

2. A great number of plastics should find their applications in the electrical industry.

3. Chemical means had to be used for the separation of compounds into their elements.

4. The existence of an X-ray laser in the future may be possible.

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 6-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

ALEXANDER POPOV,

THE FIRST INVENTOR OF THE RADIO

1. Today, when powerful radio stations transmit the latest news all over the globe, and the remotest corners of the world have the possibility to listen it, we realize how great is the name of Alexander Popov, the first inventor of the radio.

2. It was many years ago. At that time electrical engineering was a new science. Popov took great interest in electricity and began to work at it. He made experiments with electric waves.

3. On the 24^th of March 1896 a meeting took place in one of the auditoriums of Petersburg University. The greatest scientists of the city were present at that meeting. Popov made a report about the results of his work and demonstrated the first radiograms in the world. It was only in 1899 that Popov could build a radio station. This was the first radio station in the world.

4. In 1904, during the Russo-Japanese war, the tsarist government realized the importance of the wireless. Ships could communicate at long distances only by means of the radio. Then the government gave money and was ready to supply Popov with all the necessary equipment. But as it was wartime and there were no instruments and no specialists in Russia, it was quite impossible to do anything.

5. Popov died in 1905. At that time people spoke and read much about the radio, but few knew who was the real inventor of the wireless. Only after the Great October Revolution people realized the importance of the invention of the modest Russian scientist, Popov.

6. A few years after Popov’s death, the Russian Physical Society set up a commission to settle the question of Popov’s invention. This commission stated that Popov was the only inventor of the radio. In spite of this, however, even to this day, there are people abroad who try to keep the name of Alexander Popov, the great Russian scientist, in the background.

V Прочтите вопрос и ответьте на него письменно.

Was Popov’s invention recognized during his life time?

ВАРИАНТ 5

I Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

a) 1. Astronomers have measured the exact length of the day.

2.  Astronomers find that the day is increasing by 0,002 seconds each century.

б) 1. The chemical properties of an element are determined by the orbiting electrons.

2. As a rule one great discovery is generally followed by numerous others.

II Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The cloud chamber (камера Вильсона) is one of the devices used to detect the presence of radioactivity.

2. Matter consists of one or a number of basic elements occurring in nature.

3. One can use several modern devices while detecting and measuring radioactivity.

4. When heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume.

III Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We can think of heat as a special form of kinetic energy.

2. A computer should solve complicated problems many millions of times faster than a mathematician.

3. New types of plastics had to be obtained for space technology.

4. To measure the vast distances between different planets scientists have to use special instruments.

IV Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы.

PYOTR KAPITSA

1. Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa made his appearance in physics at the turn of the century. In those years, Russia had a total of no more than a hundred professional physicists.

2. Petya Kapitsa – the son of a general, a prominent military engineer who had built the Kronstadt fortress – was keenly interested in physics while still at a technical school (he had been expelled from the Kronstadt classic school for poor academic progress). The expulsion from the classic school may have been a stroke of good luck for Kapitsa. Technical high school graduates had no right to enter the University. As a result, Kapitsa became a student of electromechanical faculty of Petersburg’s Peter the Great Polytechnical Institute – perhaps the best technical educational establishment in Russia at the time.

One of the most prominent features of Kapitsa’s creative method, as L.D. Landau pointed out many years later, was his “inexhaustible curiosity plus boundless ingenuity”.

3. In 1921, three of our most prominent scientists were sent abroad to renew scientific contacts. These scientists were Ioffe, Academician Krylov and Kapitsa who was then only twenty-seven.

4. In those times, the wildest rumours had been spread in Britain about Soviet Russia, and the young Russian physicist drew universal attention at the world-famous Cavendish Laboratory headed by Ernest Rutherford, the founder of experimental nuclear physics. Very soon this attention was richly rewarded. Kapitsa established an unusual, almost incredible record – he completed the laboratory courses in two years. After that, Rutherford took personal interest in him and Kapitsa became his favourite pupil.

5. In 1934 Pyotr Kapitsa returned home. The house of the Institute of Physical Problems was built in Moscow suburb, according to a plan which had been drawn by Kapitsa himself. He was appointed Director of the Institute.

V Прочтите 4-й и 5-й абзацы текста и вопрос к ним. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

What incredible record did Kapitsa establish?

1. … he completed the laboratory course in two weeks.

2 …  he completed the laboratory course in two months.

3. … he completed the laboratory course in two years.